Sedan andra världskrigets slut har lagar och etiska koder steg för steg arbetats ut i ett alltmer internationellt samarbete. Som vanligt har det behövts en och annan katastrof för att skynda på utvecklingen.
Kliniska prov kan man hitta i historien redan på 1920-talet, kring insulin 1922 och penicillin efter 1928. Någon lagstiftning kring försök på människor fanns bara i mycket liten utsträckning.
Ironiskt nog hade Tyskland i början av 1930-talet en i världen unik etisk kod för terapeutiska försök med regler för förberedande djurförsök, informerat samtycke och rapporteringsskyldighet. Men chansen att få testa behandlings- och avlivningsmetoder på livs levande mänskliga försökskaniner fick de nazistiska läkarna att lägga etiken åt sidan. Den ariska rasen skulle hållas ren och kriget vinnas.
Så kunde man dränka, sterilisera, frysa eller gasa ihjäl och kväva försökspersoner utan betänkligheter. Kylförsöken föranleddes av de väntade strapatserna under anfallet mot Sovjetunionen, medan höjdsförsöken och undervattensexperimenten motiverades av omsorg om stridspiloter och ubåtsbesättningar. Något kom väl ut av de sistnämnda projekten medan de många övriga försöken – som Mengeles ”forskning” om tvillingar – kunde ses som enbart galna påfund, om de inte hade haft sådan bestialisk karaktär.
Inför rättegången 1947 i Nürnberg mot 23 läkare (efter den betydligt mer kända militärtribunalen) skrev de amerikanska läkarna Leo Alexander och Andrew Ivy sin Nürnbergkod i tio punkter som stipulerar att försök på människor ska föregås av djurförsök, bygga på frivilligt deltagande, vara av värde för samhället, minimera skador, bygga på bästa möjliga kunskap och kunna avbrytas både av försökspersoner och försöksledare.
Nürnbergkoden fick inte någon internationell giltighet men ledde till diskussioner som resulterade i att World Medical Association antog ett par regelverk som med tiden stadfästes i Helsingforskoden som antogs 1964.
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